連接副詞
連接副詞的主要功能在於「啟」、「承」、「轉」、「合」,常用來表達兩個獨立子句之間的因果、對照、比較、讓步、時間等關係或用來顯示附加、補充、總結等概念。常見的連接副詞有:therefore、hence、however、instead、otherwise、still、nevertheless / nonetheless、meanwhile、then、furthermore、moreover、besides、likewise、indeed、thus 等。請看例句:
- [a] This is a very delicate situation; therefore, we need to go about it very carefully.
這是個非常微妙的局面,因此我們必須非常小心地處理。
- [b] His company is losing money; however, he doesnt seem to care.
他的公司在虧錢,然而他似乎並不在意。
- [c] You’d better study harder this time; otherwise, you will flunk the course.
你這次最好用功些,否則你這一科會被當掉。
- This apartment is too small; furthermore, the rent is too high.
這間公寓太小,而且租金過高。
- I’ll tell you what I know; likewise, you should tell me what you know.
我會把我知道的告訴你,同樣地,你也應該把你知道的告訴我。
- This new machine works much faster than the old one; thus, we can save a lot of time and money.
這台新機器的速度比舊的快得多,如此一來我們可以省下許多時間和金錢。
▲注意:連接副詞並非連接詞,因此在連接副詞之前不可用逗號,而必須用分號。另,在連接副詞之後通常加逗號,但若句子較短可以不加逗號。 雖然連接副詞在文法上不等於連接詞,但是在意義表達上常可代換成連接詞。例如上列的 a、b、c 句就相當於 a1、b1、c1:
- [a1] This is a very delicate situation, so we need to go about it very carefully.
- [b1] His company is losing money, but he doesnt seem to care.
- [c1] You’d better study harder this time, or you will flunk the course.
替代副詞
替代副詞的主要功能在於代替句子前面提到的時間、地點、動作、方法等。 常用的替代副詞有:then、there、so 和 thus。請看例句:
- [d] Meet me tonight, and Ill tell you everything then.
今晚跟我碰頭,到時我會把所有的事都告訴你。
- [e] If you look in the lab, youll probably find him there.
如果你到實驗室看看,可能會在那兒找到他。
- [f] He said he would leave, and he actually did so.
他說他會離開,而他就真的走了。
- [g] The manufacturer will raise the prices, thus increasing their profits.
製造商會提高價錢,藉此來增加他們的利潤。
- d 句中的 then 指前面的 tonight;
- e 句中的 there 指前面的 in the lab;
- f 句中的 so 指前面的 leave;
- g 句中的 thus 指前面的 raise the prices。
※ 以上內容節錄自貝塔語言出版《王復國理解文法:典藏版》作者:王復國
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